The basis for the understanding of the heat treatment of steels is the Fe-C phase diagram Because it is well
explained in earlier volumes of ASM Handbook, formerly Metals Handbook (Ref 1, 2, 3), and in many elementary
textbooks, it will be treated very briefly here. Figure 1 actually shows two diagrams; the stable iron-graphite diagram
(dashed lines) and the metastable Fe-Fe3C diagram. The stable condition usually takes a very long time to develop,
especially in the low-temperature and low-carbon range, and therefore the metastable diagram is of more interest. The FeC diagram showswhich phases are to be expected at equilibrium (or metastable equilibrium) for different combinationsof
carbon concentration and temperature. Table 1 provides a summary of important metallurgical phases and
microconstituents. We distinguish at the low-carbon end ferrite(α-iron), which can at most dissolve 0.028 wt% C at 727
°C (1341 °F) and austenite(γ-iron), which can dissolve 2.11 wt% C at 1148 °C (2098 °F). At the carbon-rich side we find
cementite (Fe3C). Of less interest, except for highly alloyed steels, is the δ-ferrite existing at the highest temperatures.
Between the single-phase fields are found regions with mixtures of two phases, such as ferrite + cementite, austenite +
cementite, and ferrite + austenite. At the highest temperatures, the liquid phase field can be found and below this are the
two phase fields liquid + austenite, liquid + cementite, and liquid + δ-ferrite. In heat treating of steels, the liquid phase is
always avoided. Some important boundaries at single-phase fields have been given special names that facilitate the
discussion. These include:
· A1, theso-called eutectoid temperature, which is the minimumtemperature for austenite
· A3
, the lower-temperature boundary of the austenite region at low carbon contents, that is, the γ/γ + α
boundary
· Acm, the counterpartboundaryfor high carbon contents, that is, the γ/γ + Fe3C boundary
Sometimes the letters c, e, or r are included. Relevant definitions of terms associated with phase transformations of steels
can be found in Table 2 as well as the Glossary of Terms in this Volume and Ref 3. The carbon content at which the
minimum austenite temperature is attained is called the eutectoid carbon content (0.77 wt% C). The ferrite-cementite
phase mixture of this composition formed during cooling has a characteristic appearance and is called pearlite and can be
treated as a microstructural entity or microconstituent. It is an aggregate of alternating ferrite and cementite lamellae that
degenerates ("spheroidizes" or "coarsens") into cementite particles dispersed with a ferrite matrix after extended hold
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