During the formation of austenite from an original microstructure of ferrite and pearlite or tempered martensite, the volume (and hence the length) decreases with the formation of the dense austenite
phase (see Fig. 3). From the elongation curves, the start and finish times for austenite formation, usually defined as 1% and 99% transformation, respectively, can be derived. These times are then conveniently plotted on a temperature-log time diagram (Fig. 4).
Also plotted in this diagram are the Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures. Below Ac1 no austenite can form, and between Ac1 and Ac3 the end product is a mixture of ferrite and austenite. Notice that a considerable overheating is required to complete the transformation in a short time. The original microstructure also plays a great role. A finely distributed structure like tempered martensite is more rapidly transformed to austenite than, for instance, a ferriticpearlitic structure. This is particularly true for alloyed steels with carbide-forming alloying elements such as chromium and molybdenum. It is important that the heating rate to the hold temperature be very high if a true isothermal diagram is to be obtained.
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