The Fe-C diagram in Fig. 1 is of experimental origin. The knowledge of the thermodynamic principles and modern
thermodynamic data now permits very accurate calculations of this diagram (Ref 4). This is particularly useful when
phase boundaries must be extrapolated and at low temperatures where the experimental equilibria are extremely slow to
develop.
If alloying elements are added to the iron-carbon alloy (steel), the position of theA1,A3, andAcm boundaries and the
eutectoid composition are changed. Classical diagrams introduced by Bain (Ref 5) show the variation ofA1 and the
eutectoid carbon content with increasing amount of a selected number of alloying elements (Fig. 2). It suffices here to
mention that (1) all important alloying elements decrease the eutectoid carbon content, (2) the austenite-stabilizing
elements manganese and nickel decreaseA1, and (3) the ferrite-stabilizing elements chromium, silicon, molybdenum, and
tungsten increaseA1. These classifications relate directly to the synergisms in quench hardening as described in the
articles "Quantitative Prediction of Transformation Hardening in Steels" and "Quenching of Steel"in this Volume.
Modern thermodynamic calculations allow accurate determinations of these shifts that affect the driving force for phase
transformation (see below). These methods also permit calculation of complete ternary and higher-order phase diagrams
including alloy carbides(Ref 6). Reference should be made to the Calphad computer system (Ref7).
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